مجله اقتصاد منابع طبیعی
پیاپی 6 (پاییز 1393)

Transportation sector is the major consumer of oil products. Since consumption of gasoline has increased during the recent years, delivery of crude oil to the refineries in order to produce gas and reduce its import, and thus, pollution air. Natural gas, due to its environment friendliness as one of its characteristics, can become the dominant fuel in the transportation sector with precise programming, and as a result, save billions of dollars allocated to import and provision of gas. In this research, Evaluation of the financial costs of establishing and utilizing a single-purpose CNG station in zanjan has been achieved according to the variety of sceneries (increasing amount of a single-purpose CNG station 25%,50%,75%,90% , respectedly) by using Comfar Expert III software. according to this research, runs up to 14,846,000,000 Rials from which 4,390,000,000 Rials is provided by Iranian Petroleume Distribution Company as free loan to the private sector in zanjan. The results show that replacing gasoline with CNG is not economically justifiable in zanjan. Investment return takes11.13 years and its present net value, with the degradation ratio of 15.23 in different scenarios, has been computed. Also, the rate of return is less than the internal rate of return of the bank. If the income increased 20 percent, the internal rate of return would reach 21.7 percent, wich will be justifiable.

Due to resource limitations and also due to the role and importance of energy in economic development, determining effective factors on energy demand has specific important. Financial development is often cited as a very important driver of economic growth in emerging economies and it is thus likely that financial development affects energy demand. This study uses generalized method of moments (GMM) estimation techniques to examine the impact of financial development on energy consumption in D8 countries during the period 1990-2011. Several different measures of financial development are examined. the empirical results show a positive and statistically significant relationship between financial development and energy consumption when financial development is measured using stock market variables like stock market capitalization to GDP, stock market value traded to GDP, and stock market turnover.

in economic literature, several criteria for measuring the performance of each sector presented and in the meantime, productivity criteria can be considered as one of key. However, although productivity can be calculated for different sources, but Study and calculated for water as a resource that plays a key role in the production of all commodities, is important in every respect. However, study on this issue especially in recent years has been neglected. However, the rapid growth in the industrial sector, structural changes in water use and benefit of this has created to this sector. Hence, this paper aims to study compliance of the industry characteristics with climate and investigating water productivity in industries separated to regions. In this paper the data collected by the Statistical Center has been used. Time scales for assessing performance of water productivity in Iran’s development plans, years of 1995, 2000 and 2005 has been selected. IWP (Industrial Water Productivity) criteria for calculating the productivity of water that was introduced by the UNIDO, has been used. Results of classifying regions show that the in years of 2006, more than 80 percent of the provinces are located in dry and semi dry places. So, necessary to fit the type of industry in terms of water productivity in the region is most important. The results of water productivity in the Iranian manufacturing industries in 1995, 2000 and 2005 indicate significant differences among regions in this respect among the country's industries. For more comparisons, provinces according to its water productivity divided to low, medium and high productivity. Accordingly, the results indicate that most parts of the dry and semi dry regions in any years of review had low industrial water productivity. In addition, important point is that the low industrial water productivity in Isfahan, Yazd and Khuzestan Provinces as Iran’s pole steel (watery industry) in 1995, 2000 and 2005.

The main reason of this study is the survey of Iran's oil in framework of Smooth Transition Auto regressive nonlinear model, in the period of 1965- 2013. To this end, linear model is tested against of nonlinear model with utilize of Terasvirta test. It is revealed that oil consumption variable quite follow a linear model while linear models are unable from a perfect explanation of Iran's oil consumption variable and have to use a perfect exponential smooth transition nonlinear model because of It's modelling. The results show that oil consumption has been affected 67 percent from last period also time series variable has a significant effect on it. In oil consumption nonlinear model, with regard to oil production volume, impressibility of every period is different from last period but in total could say that, with move from low toward up regime, the effect of the last period will reduced.

National Khabr Park in Kerman province, due to its geographical location has a great variety of climate, vegetation, and biology. All the above, plus, the natural features of the park has made it one of the recreational areas of the province. The aim of the current research is to estimate the recreational value of Khabr national park using the Contingent Valuation Method. A Logit Model was estimated using Maximum Likelihood Approach in order to investigate the effective factors on individual willingness to pay. The required data were collected through completing questionnaires and oral interviews with 385 visitors in this area in spring 1392. Results showed that 80.78 percents of visitors are willing to pay some money to visit the park. The variables that included level of education, visitors’ income, recreation cost, distance, married and prices offered had a significant effect on the probability of anticipated willingness to pay. The average WTP is 101645.42 Rials for each visit and the total annual recreational value of this area is estimated to be about 10735521720 Rials.

Environmental problems caused by the consumption of fossil energy and its limitations, electricity generation, sustainable development and energy security, on the one hand and being clean and renewable sources of energy on the other hand, has attracted the attention of leaders and environmentalists to expand the use of renewable energy such as wind power. System dynamic approach is suitable to analyze investment trend of wind plants. This paper with new approach intends to review the various factors involved in the process of investing in the wind industry.